Students poor performance in Mathematics and Probability Theory in particular in the West African Examination Council (WAEC) and National Examination Council (NECO) calls for investigation to identify the factors that affect the teaching and learning of probability theory. The aim of this work is to identify the factors affecting the teaching and learning probability theory in selected schools in Isuikwuato Local Government Area of Abia State, Nigeria. Two sets of questionnaires were developed for Mathematics teachers and students of senior secondary classes to complete. The selected secondary schools are: Isuikwuato High School, Isuikwuato; Ovim Girls’ Model School, Isuikwuato; Uturu Secondary School, Uturu; and Achara Uturu, Secondary School, Uturu. The target sampled was made up of teachers and students drawn from the selected schools. It constitutes the students of senior secondary schools (SSI – SSIII) and their teachers of Mathematics. In each school, a systematic random sampling was used to select twenty-five (25) students (respondents) on who the research instrument was administered.The questionnaires were constructed to suit the interest of the teachers and students. To make sure that appropriate and honest opinions of the students and teachers were obtained, one hundred (100) questionnaires were administered to the students in the selected school. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive analysis involving percentages and tables. The analysis showed that the students do not have positive attitude to probability theory. There were few or no instructional resources in the schools for teaching this mathematical concept, among other factors affecting the teaching and learning probability theory in senior secondary schools. It is recommended among others that to improve the teaching and learning of probability theory in schools, mathematics teachers should try their best to improvise instructional resources to be able to teach the topic effectively and efficiently. Teachers of Mathematics should inculcate the habit of teaching probability concept using natural phenomena, for example rainfalls, whether etc.
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